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- August 1990
-
-
- FOCUS ON NCIC:
- IDENTIFYING THE UNIDENTIFIED
-
-
- "Hunters find the torso of a white male in a
- field. A close examination of the body reveals
- that the victim has been shot. His head and
- hands, which were severed from the body, cannot
- be located. The only identifying mark is a tattoo
- of a woman's name on the victim's chest."
-
- "A major city police department receives a report
- that a young female with mental problems is missing.
- Several days later, in another jurisdiction, a
- young female commits suicide by jumping in front
- of a commuter train."
-
- In both instances, subsequent investigations failed to
- provide any leads. Neither victim had any identification, and
- there were no missing person reports in either jurisdiction in
- which the bodies were found that corresponded with the physical
- descriptions of the decedents. This prompted law enforcement
- officers to enter all information available on both victims into
- the FBI's National Crime Information Center (NCIC).
-
- THE NATIONAL CRIME INFORMATION CENTER
-
- Since 1983, NCIC has provided computerized assistance in
- matching unidentified persons and bodies with missing persons.
- The key to successful use of the system is the prompt entry of
- records into NCIC's Unidentified Person File and its Missing
- Person File.
-
- Each night, using the NCIC computer, FBI personnel conduct a
- cross search of descriptive information in the Missing Person
- File with the physical descriptors, dental characteristics, and
- personal accessories of unidentified deceased individuals or
- unidentified living persons, such as amnesiacs. This cross
- search provides a list of likely matches between records in the
- Missing Person File and those in the Unidentified Person File.
-
- In each of the opening situations described, NCIC matched
- the unidentified bodies with persons who had been reported
- missing because user agencies entered all available information
- into the system. Yet, while these files are a valuable asset to
- the law enforcement community, many officers are unaware of the
- availability of the files and are unsure when to enter
- unidentified person or missing person records into NCIC.
-
- Unidentified Person File
-
- The Unidentified Person File provides substantial latitude
- for entering records. Information should be entered into NCIC on
- any unidentified deceased person or on body parts when a body has
- been dismembered. In addition, information can be entered on
- living persons of any age who are unable to ascertain their
- identities, for example, an amnesia victim or an infant.
-
- Missing Person File
-
- The Missing Person File also provides a number of categories
- for entry. Law enforcement officers generally think of this file
- in terms of missing juveniles. However, there are additional
- categories that allow a police department to enter a person of
- any age who is missing and under proven physical or mental
- disability, or who is senile. The file also allows officers to
- enter information on persons of any age who are missing under
- circumstances indicating that their physical safety may be in
- danger or where their disappearance may not have been voluntary.
-
- Also, either file can be used in case of a catastrophe.
- Specific entry criteria allow law enforcement to enter a record
- concerning a person of any age who is missing after a catastrophe
- and to enter information concerning the physical description of
- any unidentified catastrophe victims.
-
- Entering Information
-
- Every law enforcement agency in the United States can enter
- records in both the Missing Person and the Unidentified Person
- Files. However, the information entered must be complete and
- accurate.
-
- Most inquiries of the Missing Person File involve living
- persons, and consequently, ask for standard information, such as
- name, date of birth, and Social Security Number. Unidentified
- persons, bodies, and body parts require more complex
- information. As a result, both files allow for entry of such
- information as blood type, corrective vision prescriptions,
- scars, marks and tattoos, and dental characteristics.
- Descriptive information on jewelry and clothing can also play a
- vital part in the identification process.
-
- Cross Searches
-
- The automatic cross search process uses artificial
- intelligence to make comparisons between the Missing Person and
- Unidentified Person Files. Every factor entered into the record
- is considered when seeking a match between the two files.
-
- The computer initially considers such obvious factors as sex
- and race to limit the number of possible candidates for a match.
- As the computer comparison progresses, the computer considers and
- weighs each area, establishing a score to select the most likely
- records for review by investigators.
-
- For example, in the first scenario detailed, the victim's
- head and hands had been severed to hinder identification. When
- the agency entered the missing person information, it included
- the unusual tattoo with the woman's name in the record. Because
- the tattoo had been entered, the computer established a high
- probability of a match. Without this information, the match
- would not have been made.
-
- Each unidentified person case is unique. And while the
- single most effective method of identification through a cross
- search between both files is the use of dental characteristics,
- this information is frequently unavailable. Therefore, police
- should enter as much information as can be obtained. Effective
- computer matches have been made using combinations of information
- that, taken individually, are not unique. However, when
- combined, the information creates a unique profile that leads to
- an identification.
-
- Newly obtained information should also be added to either
- file. Each time that a missing person or unidentified person
- record is modified with additional information, a fresh cross
- search is made. Entering additional information is particularly
- important in the Missing Person File, since some information may
- not be available at the time the report is taken. This could
- include blood type, dental information, and corrective vision
- prescriptions.
-
- Once the cross search comparison is completed, the agencies
- that entered the missing person record and the unidentified
- person record each receive a complete listing of match
- possibilities. The number of possible matches varies according
- to the amount of information placed in each file. More complete
- information provides more opportunities for high quality matches
- and subsequent positive identifications.
-
- CONCLUSION
-
- Through the FBI's Missing Person File and Unidentified
- Person File, police have help to identify the unidentified.
- Every State, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the
- Virgin Islands have the capability to access each file. In
- addition, the manager of each State's criminal justice
- information system can answer any questions concerning these
- files. Or, users can obtain assistance from NCIC User Services
- at 202-FBI-NCIC.
-